Best Exercise for Sarcopenia in Older Adults: Resistance vs Aerobic vs Combined Training
Discover the best exercise for sarcopenia in older adults. Compare resistance, aerobic and combined training for muscle strength, walking speed and metabolic health.
EXERCISESARCOPENIA
Dr. T.S. Didwal, M.D.(Internal Medicine)
10/18/202616 min read
If you are over 60, one of the most important questions is not simply how much you exercise, but what type of exercise you do. Muscle loss with ageing can gradually reduce strength, walking ability, balance and independence—but sarcopenia is not an inevitable consequence of growing older.
The evidence increasingly points to progressive resistance training as the cornerstone intervention for improving muscle strength and physical function in older adults with sarcopenia. Recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses have found improvements in handgrip strength, gait speed, knee-extension strength and functional performance following resistance training (Yan et al., 2025; Tan et al., 2026). However, an important nuance is often missed: statistically significant improvements do not always translate into clinically meaningful benefits.
At the same time, aerobic exercise remains essential for cardiorespiratory fitness and endurance, while balance and functional training address mobility and fall risk. Recent evidence also suggests that combining resistance and balance training with appropriate nutritional support may produce broader improvements across muscle strength, physical function and muscle mass (Yan et al., 2025).
So, is resistance training alone enough? Is cardio equally important? Or is a carefully designed combination the best strategy for healthy ageing?
The answer depends on what outcome you are trying to improve
At a Glance: Which Exercise Is Best for Older Adults?
To Improve Muscle Strength:
Approach: Progressive resistance training.
To Preserve Muscle Mass:
Approach: Resistance training combined with adequate nutrition (particularly sufficient protein intake).
To Improve Cardiovascular Fitness:
Approach: Aerobic exercise.
To Improve Walking Endurance:
Approach: Aerobic and multicomponent exercise routines.
To Improve Balance & Functional Mobility:
Approach: Balance, strength, and task-specific training.
To Support Blood Glucose Control:
Approach: Resistance, aerobic, or combined training strategies.
To Address Multiple Aspects of Healthy Ageing:
Approach: Multicomponent exercise programs.
To Manage Sarcopenia:
Approach: Resistance-based exercise, adequate nutrition, and functional movement training.
The bottom line: Resistance training should form the foundation of a programme designed to preserve muscle strength. Aerobic exercise and balance training complement it by addressing cardiovascular fitness, endurance, coordination and mobility.
What Is Sarcopenia, and Why Does Exercise Matter?
Sarcopenia is a progressive skeletal muscle disorder associated with ageing. It involves reduced muscle strength and, depending on the diagnostic criteria, reduced muscle quantity or quality and impaired physical performance.
Although ageing contributes to muscle loss, sarcopenia is not an inevitable consequence of growing older. Physical inactivity, inadequate nutrition, chronic disease and other factors can accelerate the decline.
Four related concepts are important.
Muscle mass: The amount of skeletal muscle tissue in the body.
Muscle strength: The force muscles can generate, assessed through measures such as handgrip strength or knee extension strength.
Muscle quality: Muscle function relative to its size, influenced by factors including fat infiltration and neuromuscular function.
Physical performance: The ability to perform activities such as walking, climbing stairs, maintaining balance and rising from a chair.
These measures are related but not interchangeable. An older adult may gain strength without a substantial increase in measured muscle mass, particularly during the early stages of resistance training.
This is one reason why a sarcopenia exercise programme should not be judged solely by changes in body weight or muscle size. Improvements in strength and physical function may be more immediately relevant to daily independence.
Why muscle strength deserves particular attention
Leg strength helps people rise from chairs, climb stairs and recover from balance disturbances. Grip strength provides a convenient indicator of general muscular function, although it cannot capture every aspect of physical performance.
Progressive resistance training provides a direct stimulus for neuromuscular adaptation and muscle protein remodelling. Aerobic exercise, meanwhile, develops the physiological capacity needed for sustained movement.
Both matter, but they serve different primary purposes.
What Does the Latest Research Say About Exercise for Sarcopenia?
Recent systematic reviews and network meta-analyses have compared exercise, nutritional supplementation and combinations of these interventions in people with sarcopenia.
A network meta-analysis can compare multiple interventions by integrating direct comparisons from trials with indirect comparisons across a connected evidence network. This approach can be useful when trials have not compared every intervention head-to-head.
However, treatment rankings should not automatically be interpreted as proof of clinically important superiority. Their reliability depends on the quality, consistency and comparability of the underlying studies.
The 2025 network meta-analysis by Yan and colleagues
A 2025 network meta-analysis published in the Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging compared exercise and protein-based interventions for muscle strength, muscle mass and physical function in people with sarcopenia.
The reported conclusion favoured resistance-based exercise combined with nutritional support for several outcomes.
This finding supports a practical approach: older adults with sarcopenia should receive an appropriate muscle-loading stimulus while also addressing inadequate protein or overall nutritional intake.
However, the comparison does not establish that adding aerobic exercise to resistance training necessarily produces greater muscle gains than resistance training alone. The intervention categories include nutritional components, which must be distinguished from exercise modality.
Findings in women with sarcopenia
A related 2025 network meta-analysis published in Nutrients examined exercise, protein supplementation and combined interventions in women with sarcopenia.
The reported results included:
Usual Gait Speed:
Reported Effect: Mean difference of 0.11 m/s
Clinical Interpretation: Represents a clinically meaningful improvement in baseline mobility and safe daily walking speed.
Maximum Gait Speed:
Reported Effect: Mean difference of 0.22 m/s
Clinical Interpretation: Indicates a larger, notable improvement in maximal walking capacity and physical reserve.
Handgrip Strength:
Reported Effect: Mean difference of 1.95 kg
Clinical Interpretation: Demonstrates a modest average improvement in overall upper-limb muscular force.
Appendicular Muscle Mass:
Reported Effect: Mean difference of 0.21
Clinical Interpretation: Reflects a small structural improvement; exact clinical impact depends on the specific measurement tool and units used.
Knee Extension Strength (Exercise Alone)
Reported Effect: Standardized mean difference (SMD) of 0.75
Clinical Interpretation: Shows a moderate-to-large positive effect on lower-limb force generation, crucial for sit-to-stand movements and stair climbing.
These findings illustrate an important principle: improvements in physical function do not necessarily require large increases in measured muscle mass.
Gait speed, in particular, is a practical outcome because walking ability affects independence and participation in everyday activities.
The reported effects should nevertheless be interpreted in the context of the original studies, their confidence intervals, intervention protocols and certainty assessments. Findings from women with diagnosed sarcopenia should not automatically be generalised to every older adult.
Gait speed: a functional outcome worth tracking
The women's network meta-analysis reported an average improvement of 0.11 metres per second in usual gait speed for the relevant combined intervention.
An improvement of this magnitude is often considered potentially meaningful in older adults, although the appropriate threshold depends on the population, baseline function and clinical context.
The reported 0.22 m/s improvement in maximum gait speed was larger. However, maximum walking speed and usual walking speed represent different aspects of mobility and should not be treated as interchangeable outcomes.
Clinical implication: Exercise programmes should measure functional performance, not merely muscle size. Walking speed, chair-rise performance and other practical tests can help determine whether training is translating into everyday capability.
Handgrip strength: a modest improvement
The reported mean difference of approximately 2 kg in handgrip strength suggests a modest average benefit.
Whether this is clinically important depends on baseline strength, measurement reliability and the individual’s functional status. The confidence interval must also be considered when judging the precision of the estimate.
The appropriate conclusion is that the intervention may improve grip strength modestly—not that every participant will experience a substantial gain.
Muscle mass: measurable change is not the whole story
The reported appendicular muscle mass difference was small, and the analysis did not establish a significant improvement in skeletal muscle mass index.
This does not mean that exercise is ineffective.
Strength can improve through better motor-unit recruitment, coordination and other neuromuscular adaptations, even when changes in muscle quantity are small.
For clinicians and older adults, the more useful question is whether the intervention improves strength, physical performance and the ability to carry out daily activities.
Knee extension strength: a relevant measure of leg function
The reported standardised mean difference of 0.75 for knee extension strength represents a moderate-to-large effect by commonly used statistical conventions.
Knee extension strength is relevant to activities such as standing from a chair and climbing stairs. However, a standardised effect cannot be directly translated into a specific number of kilograms because different studies may use different measurement instruments.
What about the 2026 meta-analyses?
Published in Scientific Reports (2026), this systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the clinical efficacy of exercise interventions—alone or with nutritional co-interventions—in older adults with sarcopenia, an age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, neuromuscular strength, and physical performance.
Key Clinical Findings
Muscle Mass & Hypertrophy: Structured progressive resistance training (PRT) demonstrated the strongest stimulus for improving appendicular lean mass and cross-sectional muscle area relative to non-exercise controls.
Neuromuscular Function: Exercise produced significant improvements in maximal voluntary force (handgrip strength, knee extension) and functional mobility metrics, including gait speed, chair stand performance, and Timed Up and Go (TUG) scores.
Nutritional Co-Interventions: Combining exercise with protein or amino acid supplementation suggested synergistic trends, though additional benefits varied across individual study cohorts.
Clinical Bottom Line: PRT remains the primary evidence-based standard of care for reversing sarcopenic decline. High-quality RCTs are still required to establish standardized dosing and multi-modal guidelines.3. Statistical Significance Versus Clinical Significance
One of the most important skills in interpreting exercise research is distinguishing a statistically significant result from an improvement that matters in everyday life.
A result can be statistically significant without producing a noticeable functional benefit. Conversely, an improvement in a clinically relevant outcome may be important even when a small study lacks sufficient statistical power to demonstrate it conclusively.
Resistance Training vs Aerobic Exercise vs Combined Training
Each training method has a different primary physiological emphasis. Choosing the right combination depends on the individual’s health, baseline fitness, goals and ability to recover.
Resistance training: the foundation for muscle strength
Resistance training includes free weights, resistance machines, elastic bands and appropriately scaled body-weight exercises.
Its primary benefits include:
Improving muscular strength.
Supporting muscle mass and muscle function.
Improving performance in activities requiring force.
Supporting bone and functional health when appropriately prescribed.
Improving glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes.
For older adults with sarcopenia, progressive resistance exercise should generally be the foundation of the muscle-strengthening component.
The programme should challenge the muscles sufficiently to stimulate adaptation while allowing appropriate recovery. Very light exercise that never progresses may not provide enough stimulus for continued strength development.
Aerobic exercise: essential for cardiovascular fitness
Aerobic exercise includes brisk walking, cycling, swimming and other sustained activities that increase energy expenditure and cardiorespiratory demand.
Its main benefits include:
Improving cardiorespiratory fitness.
Increasing walking endurance.
Supporting cardiovascular health.
Contributing to blood glucose regulation.
Helping older adults remain physically active and independent.
Aerobic exercise alone is generally not the most direct approach for improving maximal muscle strength. Nevertheless, it is important because maintaining muscle strength does not eliminate the need for cardiovascular conditioning.
An older adult who can lift a substantial weight but becomes breathless after a short walk still has an important fitness limitation to address.
Combined training: a broader approach to healthy ageing
Combined training usually refers to performing both resistance and aerobic exercise as part of an overall programme.
It can address muscular strength, cardiovascular fitness and endurance within the same weekly schedule. Adding balance exercises can further address stability and functional mobility.
However, a broader range of benefits does not necessarily mean that combined training is superior for every individual outcome.
For maximal muscle strength, resistance training remains the most specific stimulus. For cardiorespiratory fitness, aerobic exercise remains essential. A combined programme is attractive because it addresses both sets of needs.
Comprehensive Care for Sarcopenia: Evaluating Combined Exercise, Nutrition
As we age, muscle tissue naturally declines in volume and force capacity—a clinical condition known as sarcopenia. This study from Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics (2026) evaluated how combining targeted physical training with dietary support helps restore muscle function, specifically looking at the effectiveness of remote/telehealth delivery models compared to standard clinic visits.
Key Scientific Findings
The Dual-Action Advantage: Combining progressive physical exercise with targeted dietary supplementation (such as protein or specific amino acids) produced significantly better clinical outcomes in muscle strength and tissue preservation than relying on exercise or diet alone.
Telehealth Efficacy: Remote delivery models—including video-guided training, digital tracking, and remote clinical check-ins—demonstrated equivalent functional gains to center-based physical therapy.
Functional Outcomes: Patient cohorts actively participating in combined regimens showed measurable improvements in core clinical markers:
Gait Speed: Faster, more stable walking performance.
Sit-to-Stand Power: Enhanced lower-extremity force output during daily transfers.
Grip Strength: Increased upper-body isometric force.
Practical Patient Recommendations
Pair Exercise with Nutrition: For optimal muscle rehabilitation, structured resistance work should always be paired with adequate daily protein intake or clinical nutritional support.
Flexible Delivery Works: If traveling to a facility or clinic is difficult, structured home-based, remotely coached programs provide an equally effective clinical path toward improving mobility and strength.
Does aerobic exercise interfere with muscle growth?
The so-called interference effect refers to the possibility that large amounts of endurance training may compromise some strength or hypertrophy adaptations when performed alongside resistance training.
Its magnitude depends on training volume, intensity, modality, scheduling and recovery. It should not be used as a reason for older adults to avoid aerobic exercise.
For most older adults pursuing general health, a balanced programme is more practical than maximising a single athletic outcome. If time or recovery is limited, prioritise progressive resistance training while maintaining a manageable amount of aerobic activity.
Does Combined Training Improve Insulin Sensitivity More Than Either Exercise Alone?
Insulin sensitivity describes how effectively tissues respond to insulin. Skeletal muscle is a major site of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, making muscle activity important for metabolic health.
Resistance and aerobic exercise can both improve aspects of glucose regulation, although the magnitude of benefit varies with baseline health, exercise dose, medication, nutrition and adherence.
Combined training may be particularly useful for people with type 2 diabetes because it addresses both muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness.
Two frequently cited trials help explain the clinical rationale:
HART-D: Church and colleagues examined aerobic, resistance and combined exercise in adults with type 2 diabetes. The study found that the combined programme improved HbA1c more than either modality alone under the trial conditions.
DARE: Sigal and colleagues also compared aerobic, resistance and combined exercise in people with type 2 diabetes and reported benefits from structured exercise, with combined training providing additional glycaemic benefit compared with either individual modality in the study.
These trials support the potential value of combining exercise modalities for glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes. However, HbA1c is a measure of longer-term glucose control, not a direct measurement of insulin sensitivity.
It is also important not to overextend these findings. The studies do not establish that combined training is superior for insulin sensitivity specifically in older adults with diagnosed sarcopenia.
A study designed to answer that question would need to compare the exercise modalities directly and include an appropriate measure of insulin sensitivity, such as a validated insulin-resistance index or, where feasible, a euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp.
Clinical takeaway: For older adults with type 2 diabetes, resistance and aerobic exercise are complementary options. The sarcopenia-specific evidence gap should be acknowledged rather than filled by assumption.
Why Mobility May Matter More Than Muscle Size Alone
Healthy ageing is not simply a matter of maintaining a particular muscle mass. It also involves retaining the ability to move safely and independently.
Mobility depends on several interacting capacities:
Leg strength for rising from a chair and climbing stairs.
Aerobic fitness for sustained walking.
Balance for maintaining stability.
Coordination for adapting to changes in the environment.
Confidence and adequate physical activity for participating in daily life.
The LIFE study, published by Pahor and colleagues in JAMA in 2014, examined structured physical activity in sedentary older adults at risk of mobility disability. Its findings support the value of physical activity programmes designed to preserve mobility.
This is consistent with the broader clinical rationale for multicomponent exercise: strength, endurance and functional performance contribute different but complementary benefits.
Practical functional tests
Older adults and clinicians may track progress using simple measures such as:
Five-times sit-to-stand test.
Usual gait speed over a measured distance.
Timed Up and Go test, when appropriate.
Handgrip strength, if a dynamometer is available.
Walking duration or distance.
These tests should be performed consistently and interpreted in context. A single measurement does not diagnose sarcopenia or fully predict future health, but repeated measurements can help assess progress.
A Practical Weekly Exercise Programme for Older Adults
Here is the complete exercise and lifestyle framework reorganized into clear, structured bullet points:
1. Weekly Exercise Schedule (Sample Framework)
Monday (Strength Focus):
Plan: Full-body resistance training (~30–40 minutes).
Objective: Build and maintain muscular strength.
Tuesday (Aerobic Fitness):
Plan: Brisk walking or cycling (~30 minutes).
Objective: Improve cardiovascular fitness.
Wednesday (Strength & Stability):
Plan: Full-body resistance training plus targeted balance practice.
Objective: Enhance strength, joint stability, and coordination.
Thursday (Endurance Focus):
Plan: Walking, swimming, or cycling (~30 minutes).
Objective: Build stamina and aerobic capacity.
Friday (Strength & Function):
Plan: Full-body resistance training.
Objective: Improve strength and functional movement for daily tasks.
Saturday (Mobility & Endurance):
Plan: Comfortable-to-brisk walking (~30–60 minutes, as tolerated).
Objective: Support active recovery, endurance, and joint mobility.
Sunday (Recovery):
Plan: Complete rest, gentle mobility exercises, or an easy walk.
Objective: Allow adequate tissue repair and systemic recovery.
2. Priority Resistance Exercises & Starting Parameters
Sit-to-Stand or Supported Squat:
Target: Thighs and hips (lower-body force output).
Dosage: 1–3 sets of 8–12 repetitions.
Seated Row or Resistance-Band Row:
Target: Upper back and arms (postural support).
Dosage: 1–3 sets of 8–12 repetitions.
Wall Push-Up or Chest Press:
Target: Chest, front shoulders, and triceps.
Dosage: 1–3 sets of 8–12 repetitions.
Supported Step-Up or Leg Press:
Target: Overall lower-limb functional strength.
Dosage: 1–3 sets, adjusted to individual tolerance.
Calf Raises:
Target: Calves and ankle stability.
Dosage: 1–3 sets of controlled repetitions.
Supported Balance Practice:
Target: Neuromuscular stability and coordination.
Dosage: Short, regular practice sessions throughout the week.
3. Progression & Modification Guidelines
Initial Load: Start with a light weight or bodyweight resistance that allows for good technical form and controlled movements.
Gradual Overload: Increase the resistance or add repetitions within the 8–12 range only when all sets can be completed comfortably with excellent form.
Special Populations: Individuals with osteoporosis, painful arthritis, balance impairment, or a history of falls require exercise modifications and professional clinical supervision.
4. Aerobic & Balance Exercise Recommendations
Aerobic Options: Walking is highly accessible; low-impact options like cycling or swimming are ideal for those with joint pain or weight-bearing limitations.
Activity Targets: Aim toward 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise combined with at least 2 days of strength and balance work (start small and build up gradually).
Specific Balance Drills: Practice dedicated movements such as supported heel-to-toe standing, controlled weight shifting, and stepping drills using stable support to prevent fall risks.
5. Protein & Nutritional Support Guidelines
Daily Protein Intake: General targets for healthy older adults range from 1.0–1.2 g of protein per kg of body weight daily, evenly distributed across meals.
Role of Supplements: Protein supplements can help meet targets if dietary intake is insufficient, though they do not replace the physical stimulus of resistance training.
Medical Considerations: Individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or specific clinical restrictions must consult their healthcare provider before altering daily protein intake.
6. Safety Checklist & Clinical Guardrails
Medical Clearance: Consult a doctor before starting if you have significant cardiovascular disease, uncontrolled blood pressure, or recurrent falls.
Blood Sugar Management: Patients using insulin or hypoglycemic medications should discuss exercise timing, glucose monitoring, and medication adjustments with their clinical team.
Execution Technique: Maintain controlled movements during lifting and avoid holding your breath (Valsalva maneuver).
Red-Flag Symptoms: Immediately stop exercising and seek urgent medical evaluation if experiencing chest pain, fainting, dizziness, or severe, unusual breathlessness.
Myths :
Myth 1: Walking alone is enough to prevent muscle loss
Walking supports cardiovascular fitness and mobility, but it may not provide sufficient progressive resistance to preserve or improve all aspects of muscle strength. Older adults generally benefit from adding muscle-strengthening exercise.
Myth 2: Older adults should avoid lifting weights
Age alone is not a reason to avoid resistance training. Exercise should be matched to the individual’s health, ability and experience, with appropriate supervision where necessary.
Myth 3: Combined training is always best for muscle growth
Combined programmes offer broad health benefits, but resistance training is the more specific stimulus for muscular strength. The additional benefit of aerobic training for muscle mass depends on the programme and the outcome being measured.
Myth 4: Protein supplements can replace exercise
Protein supplies nutrients required for tissue maintenance and repair. It does not reproduce the mechanical and neuromuscular stimulus of resistance exercise.
Myth 5: Exercise has failed if muscle mass does not increase
Muscle strength and physical function can improve without a large measurable increase in muscle mass. Functional outcomes should be considered alongside body composition.
Myth 6: More exercise always produces better results
Training must be balanced with recovery, adequate nutrition and the person’s ability to tolerate the workload. Excessive or poorly adapted exercise may increase pain, fatigue or injury risk.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the best exercise for sarcopenia in older adults?
Progressive resistance training is the best-supported exercise approach for improving muscle strength. A broader programme should also address aerobic fitness, balance and functional mobility, while ensuring adequate nutrition.
Is resistance training better than cardio for older adults?
Resistance training is more directly targeted at muscle strength and preservation. Aerobic exercise is more directly targeted at cardiorespiratory fitness and endurance. Most older adults benefit from including both.
Is combined resistance and aerobic training better than resistance training alone?
Combined training addresses more dimensions of fitness, including strength and cardiovascular endurance. However, the evidence discussed here does not establish that adding aerobic exercise produces superior muscle gains in people with sarcopenia.
Can exercise reverse sarcopenia?
Exercise can improve strength and physical function and may support muscle maintenance or gains. The extent of improvement depends on the severity of sarcopenia, health status, nutrition, programme design and adherence. It is more accurate to discuss improvement and management than to promise complete reversal.
How many days per week should older adults do strength training?
A common starting target is at least two days per week of muscle-strengthening activity. Some people may benefit from three sessions, provided that the programme is appropriate and recovery is adequate.
Does exercise improve insulin sensitivity in older adults?
Both resistance and aerobic exercise can improve glucose regulation. Evidence from adults with type 2 diabetes supports the use of combined exercise for glycaemic control, but the specific comparative effect on insulin sensitivity in older adults with sarcopenia remains insufficiently established by the meta-analyses discussed here.
How much protein do older adults need to maintain muscle?
Recommendations often fall around 1.0–1.2 g/kg/day for healthy older adults, with individual needs varying according to illness, nutritional status and other clinical factors. People with kidney disease should seek individual advice.
Is walking enough to improve cardiovascular health?
Regular walking can contribute meaningfully to cardiovascular fitness, especially when performed consistently at an appropriate intensity. The benefits depend on the duration, intensity, baseline fitness and the individual’s overall activity pattern.
How long does it take to see improvements in strength?
Some people notice functional or strength improvements within several weeks, although the timeline varies. Consistency, training intensity, starting ability and recovery all influence progress. Changes in muscle size may take longer and may be modest.
What exercise is safest for frail older adults?
Chair-based movements, supported resistance exercises, carefully adapted walking and supervised balance activities may be appropriate starting points. The programme should reflect the person’s functional ability, medical conditions and risk of falling.
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References
Lucio, M.C.F., de Oliveira, R.G., de Almeida, L.I.M. et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of exercise in older adults with sarcopenia. Sci Rep 16, 22265 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-55850-w
Gou X, Zhu J, Feng X, Li D, Gao Q and Ruan B (2026) Comparative effectiveness and dose–response relationship of exercise-based interventions for muscle mass in older women with sarcopenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front. Med. 13:1938860. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2026.1938860
Yan, R., Jia, S., Lu, D., Song, W., Zhang, W., Sun, J., & Li, D. (2025). Comparative Effectiveness of Exercise and Protein-Based Interventions on Muscle Strength, Mass, and Function in Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. The journal of nutrition, health & aging, 29(12), 100718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnha.2025.100718
Cao, J., Liu, Y., Hu, J., Zhai, T., Pang, Z., Li, R., & Dang, F. (2026). Comparative efficacy of combined exercise and nutritional interventions for sarcopenia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis incorporating remote delivery models. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics, 147, 106239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2026.106239
Deng Y, Xu L, Martin-Payo R, Deng K, Huang L, Yang Y, Xie Z, Qiu M, Li C and Zhang F (2026) Effectiveness of exercise intervention on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical function among postmenopausal women with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Public Health 14:1758325. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1758325
Medical disclaimer: This article is for educational purposes and does not replace individual medical advice. People with cardiovascular disease, uncontrolled hypertension, osteoporosis, significant joint problems or diabetes treated with glucose-lowering medication may require an individually adapted exercise plan.