Sarcopenia Treatment Options: Medical and Lifestyle Interventions That Actually Work

If muscle loss were just about aging, treatment would be simple. But sarcopenia is far more complex—an interplay of inflammation, hormones, neuromuscular decline, and mitochondrial breakdown. The good news? Modern medicine is finally catching up. With new drugs, upgraded nutritional science, and targeted exercise prescriptions, we can now slow—and in many cases reverse—this once-inevitable decline.

But here's the good news: emerging research is revolutionizing how we understand and treat this condition. From personalized medicine approaches to novel pharmaceutical interventions, the landscape of sarcopenia treatment has evolved dramatically in recent years. Let's dive into what the latest science tells us about fighting back against age-related muscle loss.

Clinical Pearls

1. Resistance Training Is the Only Intervention Proven to Improve All Three: Mass, Strength, and Function

Progressive resistance exercise is the single most powerful tool against sarcopenia—improving mitochondrial health, neuromuscular efficiency, and muscle protein synthesis even in those over 90.

2. Protein Distribution Matters as Much as Total Protein

Older adults often consume most protein at dinner—yet muscle protein synthesis peaks when each meal contains 25–30 g of high-quality protein with ~3 g leucine.

3. Myostatin Inhibitors Are the Most Promising Emerging Drug Class

Agents like bimagrumab consistently increase lean mass by 5–7% and improve stair climbing—marking the future of pharmacological sarcopenia therapy.

4. Creatine + Resistance Training Produces Clinically Meaningful Functional Gains

Creatine monohydrate (3–5 g/day) enhances training response, increases high-intensity strength output, and supports older adults with limited mobility.

5. Sarcopenia Phenotypes Require Tailored Therapy

Inflammation-driven sarcopenia benefits from omega-3s and vitamin D optimization, while hormone-related sarcopenia may improve with testosterone (in selected cases) but only when combined with exercise.

Understanding Sarcopenia: More Than Just Muscle Loss

Before we explore treatment options, it's essential to understand what we're dealing with. Sarcopenia isn't simply about losing muscle—it's a complex, multifactorial condition involving muscle atrophy, decreased muscle quality, increased intramuscular fat, and mitochondrial dysfunction.

The condition typically begins around age 40, with muscle mass declining by 3-8% per decade after 30, accelerating after age 60. This isn't just an aesthetic concern—sarcopenia increases your risk of falls, fractures, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and even mortality.

According to recent research by Liu et al. (2025), sarcopenia's pathogenesis involves an intricate web of factors: chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, hormonal changes, neuromuscular junction deterioration, and altered protein metabolism. Understanding these mechanisms has opened doors to targeted therapeutic approaches that go far beyond simply telling older adults to "exercise more."

The Gold Standard: Resistance Training and Protein Supplementation

Let's start with what works—and has the strongest evidence base.

Resistance Exercise: Your Muscles Best Friend

Resistance training remains the cornerstone of sarcopenia treatment, and for good reason. Multiple studies confirm that progressive resistance exercise effectively increases muscle mass, strength, and functional capacity in older adults, even those in their 80s and 90s.

Liu et al. (2025) emphasize that resistance training works through multiple mechanisms: it stimulates muscle protein synthesis, activates satellite cells (muscle stem cells), improves neuromuscular efficiency, and enhances mitochondrial function. The key is progressive overload—gradually increasing resistance over time to continually challenge muscles.

Key recommendations for resistance training:

• Frequency: 2-3 sessions per week

• Intensity: 60-80% of one-repetition maximum

• Volume: 2-3 sets of 8-12 repetitions per exercise

• Focus on major muscle groups: legs, back, chest, and core

The research shows that combining resistance training with protein supplementation produces synergistic effects. Older adults need approximately 1.0-1.2 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight daily—significantly more than the standard RDA of 0.8 g/kg.

The Protein Timing Debate

Cacciatore et al. (2024) highlight an important nuance: it's not just about total protein intake, but the distribution and quality of protein consumed. Older adults often require a higher per-meal dose of protein to maximally stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS) compared to younger individuals. Specifically, Leucine, a key branched-chain amino acid, appears critical for triggering the MPS response. The optimal dose to achieve this maximal stimulation seems to be around 3 grams of leucine per meal, which typically equates to approximately 25-30 g of high-quality, rapidly digestible protein. Whey protein stands out as especially beneficial due to its high leucine content and rapid absorption.

Beyond the Basics: Emerging Pharmacological Interventions

While lifestyle interventions form the foundation, pharmaceutical approaches are gaining traction—especially for individuals who cannot exercise adequately due to frailty or comorbidities.

Hormone Replacement: Promise and Limitations

Rolland et al. (2023) provide a comprehensive review of hormonal interventions currently under investigation:

Testosterone Replacement Therapy shows modest benefits in older men with low testosterone levels, increasing lean body mass by 1-2 kg over 6-12 months. However, the functional improvements are often limited, and concerns about cardiovascular risks and prostate health remain. The research suggests testosterone works best when combined with resistance training rather than as a standalone treatment.

Growth Hormone and IGF-1 therapies have shown mixed results. While they can increase muscle mass, they don't consistently improve strength or function. Additionally, side effects like fluid retention, joint pain, and insulin resistance limit their clinical utility. Rolland et al. (2023) note that these treatments remain investigational and aren't recommended for routine sarcopenia management.

Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) represent a newer approach, designed to provide anabolic benefits without the adverse effects of traditional testosterone therapy. Early trials show promise, with enobosarm demonstrating improvements in lean body mass and physical function. However, long-term safety data remains limited, and no SARMs are currently FDA-approved for sarcopenia treatment.

Myostatin Inhibitors: Blocking the Brakes on Muscle Growth

One of the most exciting frontiers in sarcopenia pharmacology involves targeting myostatin, a protein that naturally inhibits muscle growth. Think of myostatin as your body's built-in brake system for muscle development—blocking it could theoretically allow muscles to grow larger and stronger.

Najm et al. (2024) detail several myostatin inhibition strategies under investigation:

Bimagrumab, a monoclonal antibody that blocks activin type II receptors (which myostatin uses), has shown impressive results in clinical trials. Studies demonstrate significant increases in lean body mass (up to 7% over 24 weeks) and improvements in walking speed and stair-climbing ability. However, some participants experienced mild side effects like muscle spasms and diarrhea.

Landogrozumab and apitegromab represent other antibody-based approaches with promising early data. These medications are currently in Phase 2 and 3 clinical trials, with results expected to clarify their role in sarcopenia treatment over the next few years.

The key takeaway: myostatin inhibitors show real potential, but they're not magic bullets. They work best when combined with exercise and adequate nutrition, not as replacements for lifestyle interventions.

Ghrelin Mimetics: Stimulating Appetite and Anabolism

Anamorelin and other ghrelin receptor agonists address two problems simultaneously: loss of appetite (common in older adults) and reduced muscle mass. Cacciatore et al. (2024) note that anamorelin has shown benefits in cancer cachexia studies, increasing lean body mass and improving appetite.

However, results specifically for age-related sarcopenia have been less consistent. Some trials show improvements in body weight and lean mass, but functional benefits remain unclear. The medication is approved in Japan for cancer cachexia but not yet for sarcopenia in most countries.

ACE Inhibitors: Unexpected Muscle Benefits

Here's a surprising twist: medications you might already be taking for blood pressure could help preserve muscle. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors like perindopril have demonstrated unexpected benefits for muscle health in observational studies.

Rolland et al. (2023) explain the mechanism: ACE inhibitors may improve muscle perfusion, reduce inflammation, and enhance exercise capacity. Some studies show slower rates of muscle mass decline and better functional outcomes in older adults taking these medications. While we shouldn't prescribe ACE inhibitors solely for sarcopenia, this represents an intriguing example of repurposing existing drugs for muscle health.

Cutting-Edge Approaches: The Future of Sarcopenia Treatment

The frontier of sarcopenia therapeutics extends into truly innovative territory. Let's explore what's on the horizon.

Mitochondrial-Targeted Therapies

Your muscles are powerhouses that depend on healthy mitochondria—the cellular structures that generate energy. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in sarcopenia, contributing to muscle weakness and fatigue.

Najm et al. (2024) highlight several mitochondrial-targeted interventions:

Urolithin A, a compound produced when gut bacteria metabolize ellagitannins (found in pomegranates and berries), has shown remarkable promise. It activates mitophagy—the process by which cells clear out damaged mitochondria—essentially giving your cellular powerhouses a spring cleaning. Clinical trials demonstrate improvements in muscle endurance and mitochondrial efficiency, with a favorable safety profile.

Elamipretide is a synthetic peptide that targets and stabilizes cardiolipin, a key component of mitochondrial membranes. Early studies show improvements in mitochondrial function and exercise capacity, though research specifically in sarcopenia populations is ongoing.

NAD+ precursors like nicotinamide riboside (NR) and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) have gained attention for their potential to boost cellular energy metabolism. While preliminary data looks promising, Cacciatore et al. (2024) note that large-scale, long-term human trials are still needed to confirm efficacy for sarcopenia treatment.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Strategies

Chronic, low-grade inflammation—sometimes called "inflammaging"—contributes significantly to muscle loss. This has led researchers to investigate whether anti-inflammatory approaches could slow sarcopenia progression.

Liu et al. (2025) discuss several compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties:

Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) have shown modest benefits in some studies, potentially enhancing the muscle protein synthesis response to exercise and nutrition. The evidence suggests that 2-4 grams daily of high-quality fish oil may support muscle health, though effects are generally subtle.

Vitamin D supplementation deserves special mention. Low vitamin D levels are extremely common in older adults and associated with muscle weakness and fall risk. While supplementation to correct deficiency clearly helps, the benefits of supraphysiological doses remain debatable. Most experts recommend maintaining levels above 30 ng/mL through supplementation when needed (typically 1000-2000 IU daily).

Resveratrol, quercetin, and other polyphenols show intriguing effects in laboratory studies, but human data remains limited. These compounds may work through multiple pathways including reducing oxidative stress, improving mitochondrial function, and modulating inflammatory signaling.

Regenerative Medicine: Stem Cells and Exosomes

The most futuristic approaches involve regenerative medicine strategies aimed at rejuvenating aging muscle tissue.

Najm et al. (2024) review emerging evidence on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy. These cells, typically derived from bone marrow or adipose tissue, can differentiate into various cell types and secrete factors that promote tissue repair. Preliminary animal studies show improvements in muscle regeneration and function, but human applications remain experimental.

Exosome therapy—using tiny vesicles secreted by cells to deliver regenerative signals—represents an even newer approach. Early research suggests exosomes derived from young muscle tissue might help rejuvenate aging muscles, but we're years away from clinical applications.

The Personalized Medicine Revolution

Perhaps the most important theme across recent research is the shift toward personalized sarcopenia treatment. Liu et al. (2025) emphasize that sarcopenia isn't a one-size-fits-all condition—it varies based on genetics, lifestyle, comorbidities, and individual physiology.

Identifying Your Sarcopenia Phenotype

Research increasingly recognizes different sarcopenia subtypes:

• Primary sarcopenia: Primarily age-related, with no specific underlying cause

• Secondary sarcopenia: Related to chronic diseases, malnutrition, or inactivity

• Acute sarcopenia: Rapid decline over less than six months (often hospitalization-related)

• Chronic sarcopenia: Gradual progression over longer periods

Treatment strategies should be tailored to your specific phenotype. For instance, someone with inflammation-driven sarcopenia (common with rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease) might benefit particularly from anti-inflammatory interventions. Someone with hormone-related muscle loss might respond better to hormone optimization strategies.

Biomarker-Guided Treatment

The future of sarcopenia care involves using biomarkers—measurable indicators of biological processes—to guide treatment decisions. Cacciatore et al. (2024) discuss emerging markers including:

• Inflammatory markers: C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6)

• Hormonal markers: Testosterone, IGF-1, vitamin D

• Metabolic markers: Insulin resistance indices, lipid profiles

• Functional markers: Grip strength, gait speed, chair stand tests

By measuring these markers, clinicians can potentially identify which interventions are most likely to help specific individuals and monitor treatment effectiveness more precisely.

Nutritional Strategies Beyond Protein

While protein gets most of the attention, comprehensive nutritional support involves much more.

Creatine Supplementation

Creatine monohydrate has strong evidence supporting its use in sarcopenia management. Rolland et al. (2023) note that creatine supplementation (typically 3-5 grams daily) combined with resistance training produces greater improvements in muscle mass and strength than training alone.

Creatine works by enhancing energy availability during high-intensity muscle contractions and may also promote muscle protein synthesis through various signaling pathways. It's inexpensive, safe for most people, and backed by decades of research.

Beta-Hydroxy Beta-Methylbutyrate (HMB)

HMB, a metabolite of leucine, has shown promise for preventing muscle loss during periods of inactivity or illness. Cacciatore et al. (2024) report that HMB supplementation (3 grams daily) may help preserve muscle mass in older adults, particularly those with limited mobility or during recovery from illness or surgery.

The evidence is strongest for preventing muscle loss rather than building new muscle, making HMB particularly relevant for hospitalized or bed-bound older adults at high risk for rapid muscle decline.

Addressing Micronutrient Deficiencies

Liu et al. (2025) stress that multiple micronutrient deficiencies common in older adults can impair muscle health:

• Vitamin B12: Essential for nerve function and red blood cell production

• Folate: Important for cell division and protein synthesis

• Magnesium: Required for muscle contraction and energy metabolism

• Selenium: Antioxidant that protects muscle tissue

A comprehensive approach addresses these deficiencies through diet and targeted supplementation when needed.

Lifestyle Integration: Making Treatment Stick

The best sarcopenia intervention means nothing if people can't or won't adhere to it. Recent research emphasizes practical strategies for long-term success.

Multimodal Exercise Programs

While resistance training is crucial, Najm et al. (2024) advocate for multimodal exercise programs that combine:

• Resistance training: 2-3 times weekly for muscle building

• Aerobic exercise: Walking, cycling, or swimming for cardiovascular health and metabolic benefits

• Balance training: To reduce fall risk

• Flexibility work: To maintain range of motion

This comprehensive approach addresses not just muscle mass but overall physical function and quality of life.

Group-Based Interventions

Evidence suggests that group exercise programs may improve adherence compared to individual training. The social component provides motivation, accountability, and enjoyment—critical factors for long-term participation.

Many communities now offer senior fitness programs specifically designed for older adults, with trained instructors who understand age-related limitations and can modify exercises appropriately.

Technology-Enabled Support

Liu et al. (2025) discuss emerging technologies that support sarcopenia management:

• Wearable devices: Track activity levels and provide feedback

• Telehealth platforms: Enable remote monitoring and coaching

• Mobile apps: Guide exercise routines and track nutrition

• Virtual reality systems: Make exercise more engaging and fun

While technology can't replace human interaction and professional guidance, it offers valuable tools for enhancing traditional interventions.

Combination Therapies: The Synergistic Approach

An important theme across all recent research is that combination approaches typically outperform single interventions.

Cacciatore et al. (2024) emphasize that the most effective sarcopenia management strategies combine:

1. Resistance exercise as the foundation

2. Adequate protein intake (1.0-1.2 g/kg body weight daily)

3. Targeted supplementation (vitamin D, omega-3s, possibly creatine or HMB)

4. Management of underlying conditions (diabetes, chronic inflammation, hormonal imbalances)

5. Pharmacological interventions when appropriate and available

This comprehensive, multimodal approach recognizes that sarcopenia results from multiple interacting factors and therefore requires multiple solutions working together.

Special Populations and Considerations

Sarcopenic Obesity: A Double Challenge

Sarcopenic obesity—the combination of excess fat mass with low muscle mass—presents unique challenges. Najm et al. (2024) note that these individuals face higher metabolic and functional risks than those with sarcopenia or obesity alone.

Treatment requires careful balance: creating a caloric deficit to reduce fat while ensuring adequate protein and resistance training to preserve or build muscle. Aggressive calorie restriction without these protections can worsen muscle loss.

Hospitalized and Critically Ill Patients

Rolland et al. (2023) highlight that hospitalization, especially in intensive care units, can trigger rapid muscle loss—sometimes 5-10% of muscle mass within just a week. Early mobilization, adequate nutrition (particularly protein), and potentially medications like HMB or amino acid supplements may help prevent this catastrophic muscle loss.

Cancer-Associated Muscle Wasting

Cancer cachexia shares mechanisms with sarcopenia but progresses more rapidly and involves additional factors like tumor-derived inflammatory mediators. Some medications being studied for sarcopenia (like anamorelin and myostatin inhibitors) show particular promise in cancer-related muscle wasting.

Monitoring Progress: How to Know It's Working

Effective sarcopenia treatment requires monitoring to assess whether interventions are working. Key metrics include:

Functional Assessments

• Grip strength: Simple, reliable indicator of overall muscle strength

• Gait speed: Walking speed over 4 meters predicts multiple health outcomes

• Chair stand test: Ability to rise from a chair five times without using arms

• Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB): Comprehensive functional assessment

Body Composition

• DXA scans: Gold standard for measuring muscle mass, though expensive and not widely available

• BIA (bioelectrical impedance): More accessible alternative, though less precise

• Muscle ultrasound: Emerging technique for assessing muscle quality

Liu et al. (2025) recommend functional assessments every 3-6 months and body composition measurements annually for those undergoing sarcopenia treatment.

Overcoming Barriers to Treatment

Despite effective interventions being available, many older adults face significant barriers to sarcopenia care:

Lack of awareness: Many people and even healthcare providers view muscle loss as inevitable aging rather than a treatable condition. Education is critical.

Access issues: Not everyone has access to gyms, physical therapists, or specialized exercise programs. Community-based programs and home exercise options can help bridge this gap.

Cost concerns: Some interventions (personal training, certain supplements, body composition testing) involve out-of-pocket expenses. Identifying covered services and cost-effective alternatives is important.

Motivation and adherence: Long-term behavior change is challenging. Social support, goal-setting, and celebrating small victories can improve adherence.

Physical limitations: Chronic pain, arthritis, or cardiovascular conditions may limit exercise capacity. Modified programs with professional guidance can often work around these limitations.

Cacciatore et al. (2024) emphasize that addressing these barriers requires a multi-stakeholder approach involving healthcare providers, policymakers, community organizations, and families.

The Road Ahead: What's Next in Sarcopenia Research

The field of sarcopenia therapeutics is evolving rapidly. Here's what researchers are working on:

Gene therapy approaches: Targeting specific genes involved in muscle growth and maintenance

Novel drug targets: Beyond myostatin, researchers are investigating other signaling pathways like Notch signaling and mTOR modulation

Artificial intelligence applications: Using machine learning to predict sarcopenia risk and personalize interventions

Gut microbiome modulation: Emerging evidence suggests gut bacteria influence muscle health, opening new therapeutic avenues

Precision nutrition: Moving beyond general protein recommendations to individualized nutrition strategies based on genetic and metabolic profiles

Najm et al. (2024) predict that the next decade will see several new pharmacological options reach clinical practice, likely used in combination with established lifestyle interventions.

Key Takeaways

Let's distill the essential points about sarcopenia treatment:

• Resistance training remains the cornerstone of effective sarcopenia management, with benefits seen even in very old adults

• Adequate protein intake (1.0-1.2 g/kg daily) is essential, with timing and quality (especially leucine content) mattering

• Pharmacological interventions are emerging, with myostatin inhibitors and mitochondrial-targeted therapies showing particular promise

• Personalized approaches that consider individual phenotypes, biomarkers, and circumstances outperform one-size-fits-all strategies

• Combination therapies that address multiple pathways simultaneously are most effective

• Functional outcomes (strength, walking speed, independence) matter more than muscle mass alone

• Prevention and early intervention are far more effective than trying to reverse advanced sarcopenia

• Comprehensive care addresses not just muscles but overall health, nutrition, and quality of life

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: At what age should I start worrying about sarcopenia?

A: Muscle loss begins around age 40, but significant sarcopenia typically develops after 60. However, prevention should start much earlier—building strong muscles in your 30s and 40s provides a reserve that protects you later. Think of it like saving for retirement: the earlier you start, the better off you'll be.

Q: Can sarcopenia be reversed, or is it permanent?

A: Research clearly shows that sarcopenia can be improved, even in very old adults. While you may not return to the muscle mass of your youth, significant improvements in strength, function, and quality of life are definitely possible with appropriate interventions. The key is starting treatment as soon as possible after diagnosis.

Q: Do I need to take supplements, or is diet and exercise enough?

A: For many people, optimizing diet (particularly protein intake) and engaging in regular resistance training is sufficient. However, supplements like vitamin D (if deficient), creatine, and possibly omega-3 fatty acids may provide additional benefits. Work with a healthcare provider to determine what makes sense for your specific situation.

Q: How long does it take to see results from sarcopenia treatment?

A: Most people notice improvements in strength and function within 6-12 weeks of starting a resistance training program. Changes in muscle mass typically take 3-6 months to become measurable. However, functional improvements (like climbing stairs more easily) often occur before significant muscle mass changes are apparent.

Q: Is sarcopenia treatment covered by insurance?

A: Coverage varies significantly. Physical therapy for sarcopenia may be covered if prescribed by a physician, particularly if functional impairment is documented. Medicare covers some preventive services. However, gym memberships, supplements, and body composition testing are typically not covered. Check with your specific insurance plan.

Q: Can medications alone treat sarcopenia without exercise?

A: Current evidence suggests that medications work best when combined with exercise and adequate nutrition, not as replacements. While some drugs can increase muscle mass without exercise, functional improvements are typically modest. Exercise remains irreplaceable for maintaining muscle quality, neuromuscular function, and overall health.

Q: What if I have osteoarthritis or chronic pain that limits my ability to exercise?

A: Many people with chronic conditions can still benefit from modified exercise programs. Aquatic exercise, chair-based exercises, and programs supervised by physical therapists experienced in geriatric care can often work around limitations. The key is finding activities you can do rather than focusing on what you can't do.

Q: Are there any natural foods that can help prevent sarcopenia?

A: While no single food prevents sarcopenia, a diet rich in high-quality protein sources (lean meats, fish, eggs, dairy, legumes), anti-inflammatory foods (fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fatty fish), and adequate calories supports muscle health. Pomegranates and berries contain ellagitannins that may support mitochondrial function, though eating them alone won't prevent muscle loss without other interventions.

Take Action: Your Next Steps

If you're concerned about sarcopenia for yourself or a loved one, here's what to do:

1. Get assessed: Talk to your healthcare provider about sarcopenia screening, especially if you've noticed declining strength, difficulty with daily activities, or unintentional weight loss. Simple tests like grip strength and walking speed can be done in any clinic.

2. Start resistance training: You don't need a gym membership to begin. Bodyweight exercises, resistance bands, or household items can provide resistance. Consider working with a physical therapist or qualified trainer initially to learn proper form and develop a safe, effective program.

3. Optimize your protein intake: Track your protein consumption for a few days to ensure you're getting adequate amounts. Aim for 25-30 grams of high-quality protein at each meal rather than consuming most protein at dinner.

4. Address modifiable risk factors: Quit smoking, manage chronic diseases, review medications that might affect appetite or muscle health, and ensure adequate vitamin D levels.

5. Join a community: Look for senior fitness programs, group exercise classes, or walking groups in your area. The social support dramatically improves adherence and enjoyment.

6. Stay informed: Research on sarcopenia treatments is advancing rapidly. Keep learning about new developments and discuss emerging options with your healthcare team.

7. Think prevention: If you're not yet experiencing sarcopenia, the best treatment is prevention. Build muscle now through regular resistance training and good nutrition—your future self will thank you.

Remember, sarcopenia is not an inevitable part of aging. With the right combination of lifestyle interventions, targeted supplementation, and potentially pharmacological support, you can maintain strength, function, and independence well into your later years. The key is taking action now—because when it comes to muscle health, every day of inaction means more ground to make up later.

Don't wait for a fall or hospitalization to be your wake-up call. Take charge of your muscle health today, and give yourself the best chance at a strong, independent, vibrant future.

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References

Cacciatore, S., Calvani, R., Esposito, I., Massaro, C., Gava, G., Picca, A., Tosato, M., Marzetti, E., & Landi, F. (2024). Emerging targets and treatments for sarcopenia: A narrative review. Nutrients, 16(19), Article 3271. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16193271

Liu, X., Chen, X., & Cui, J. (2025). Therapeutic advances in sarcopenia management: From traditional interventions to personalized medicine. Clinical Nutrition, 51, 187–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2025.06.007

Najm, A., Niculescu, A. G., Grumezescu, A. M., & Beuran, M. (2024). Emerging therapeutic strategies in sarcopenia: An updated review on pathogenesis and treatment advances. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(8), Article 4300. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084300

Rolland, Y., Dray, C., Vellas, B., & Barreto, P. S. (2023). Current and investigational medications for the treatment of sarcopenia. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 149, Article 155597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155597

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and should not replace professional medical advice. Always consult with qualified healthcare providers before starting any new treatment program, especially if you have existing health conditions or take medications.